The role of ships and shipping in economic development, globalization and empire in the world over the last ten centuries is a long-standing and now central direction of research.  Related to that line of work is examining the use of energy and its relationship to changes in the pre-modern economy in Europe from the late Roman Empire to the Industrial Revolution. Work concentrates on quantification and of various forms of energy consumption as well as developments in technologies which had an impact on levels and types of energy people used. Complementary is work on the patterns of change in energy consumption in Canada in the last two centuries and the role of the aluminum industry in the development of electricity generation.

Research Interests

• Medieval and Early Modern economic history
• History of technology
• Energy consumption since 1300
• Maritime history

Books

With J. Thistle. Energy Consumption in Canada in the 19th and 20th Centuries A Statistical Outline. Naples: Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, Istituto di Studi sulle Società del Mediterraneo, 2013.

Ed., Shipping and economic growth, 1350-1850. Boston: Brill, 2011.

Ships on maps: pictures of power in Renaissance Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Ltd, 2010.

Ed., Britain and Poland-Lithuania: contact and comparison from the Middle Ages to 1795. Boston: BRILL, 2008.

With R.J.A. Talbert, eds. Cartography in antiquity and the Middle Ages: fresh perspectives, new methods. Boston: Brill, 2008.

Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.

A History of Brewing in Holland, 900-1900: Economy, Technology and the State. Leiden: Brill, 2001.

Articles/ Book Chapters

“Technologies of Exploration,” A Cultural History of Exploration in the Middle Ages, volume 2, William D. Phillips Jr., London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2024, 15-36.

“Ships, Shipping, Technological Change and Global Economic Growth, 1400-1800,” The Knowledge Economy: Innovation, Productivity and Economic Growth, 13th to 18th Century, Giampiero Nigro, ed., Datini Studies in Economic History, Florence: Firenze University Press, 2023, 373-395.

“Beer and Taxes: the fiscal significance for Holland and England in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,” TSEG – The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History, 19, 1 (2022) 61–86. https://doi.org/10.52024/tseg.11492

“Trade in Electricity and Business Investment: Two Aspects of the Aluminium Industry in Canada/ Le commerce de l’electricité et l’investissement des enterprises: deux aspects de l’industrie de l’aluminium au Canada,” Cahiers d’histoire de l’aluminium / Journal for the History of Aluminium, 65 (2022), 72-99.

“The brewing industries in England and Holland, 1650-1800,” Brewery History Journal, 185, (Winter, 2020). 53-65.

“English Energy Consumption, Beer and the Impact of the Black Death,” European Review of Economic History, 24, 1 (February 2020), 134–156.

“Ships and Shipping Technology,” The Routledge Companion to Marine and Maritime Worlds, 1400–1800, Claire Jowitt, Craig Lambert, and Steve Mentz. eds., Abingdon: Routledge, 2020, 221- 240.

“Markets and merchants: commercial and cultural integration in northwest Europe, 1300-1700,” Maritime Networks as a Factor in European Integration, Atti delle “Settimane di Studi e altri Convegni”, Florence: Firenze University Press, 2019, 431-452.

“Chanelling violence at sea: States, international trade and the transformation of naval forces from the high Middle Ages to the age of steam,” The International Journal of Maritime History, 31, 2 (2019), 202–221.

“Shifting Energy Sources in Canada: An International Comparison, 1870-2000,” Canadian Journal of History/Annales Canadiennes D’Histoire, 53, 3 (Winter/Hiver, 2018), 480-514.

“The Brewing Industry and Governments in the Low Countries from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries,” Entrepreneurs, Institutions and Government Intervention in Europe [13th-20th centuries] Essays in Honour of Erik Aerts, Brecht Dewilde and Johan Poukens, eds., Brussels: Academic and Scientific Publishers NV, 2018, 177-187.

Additional

“The Brewing Boom of the Middle Ages,” Seeing the Woods, A Blog of the Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, posted 14 March, 2018, https://seeingthewoods.org/2018/03/14/the-taproom-richard-unger/

“Brewing, Industrialization, and London Water Supplies,” Environment & Society Portal, Arcadia Summer 2016, no. 9. Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society. http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/7618.

“Energy Transitions in History Global Cases of Continuity and Change, Rachel Carson Center, Munich,”, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.carsoncenter.uni-muenchen.de/news_media/news_events/rcc_news/energy_perspectives/index.html.